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33 Deng G, Bao T, Mao JJ. Understanding the Benefits of Acupuncture Treatment for Cancer Pain Management Oncology (Williston Park). 2018 Jun;32(6):310-6 Evidenz Level 4

34 Derry S1, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA, McNicol ED, Bell RF, Carr DB, McIntyre M, Wee B. Oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for cancer pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 12;7:CD012638. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012638.pub2. Evidenz Level 1+

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40 Ferrer Albiach C1, Villegas Estévez F2, López Alarcón MD3, de Madariaga M4, Carregal A5, Arranz J6, Trinidad Martín-Arroyo JM7, Jiménez López AJ8, Sanz Yagüe A8. Real-life management of patients with breakthrough cancer pain caused by bone metastases in Spain. J Pain Res. 2019 Jul 12;12:2125-2135. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S194881. eCollection 2019. Evidenz Level 2-

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43 Filippiadis DK1, Tselikas L2, Tsitskari M3, Kelekis A4, de Baere T2, Ryan AG5. Percutaneous Neurolysis for Pain Management in Oncological Patients. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2019 Jun;42(6):791-799. doi: 10.1007/s00270-019-02185-x. Epub 2019 Feb 19. Evidenz Level 4

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48 Gärtner J1, Jaroslawski K1, Becker G2, Boehlke C2. Improvement of Restless Legs Syndrome Under Treatment of Cancer Pain With Morphine and Fentanyl. Front Neurol. 2019 May 8;10:457. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00457. eCollection 2019. Evidenz Level 3

49 Gauthier LR1,2, Dworkin RH3, Warr D4,5, Pillai Riddell R6,7,8, Macpherson AK1, Rodin G2,5,7, Zimmermann C2,5,7, Lawrence Librach S9,10, Moore M11, Shepherd FA4,5, Gagliese L1,2,12,7,10. Age-Related Patterns in Cancer Pain and Its Psychosocial Impact: Investigating the Role of Variability in Physical and Mental Health Quality of Life. Pain Med. 2018 Apr 1;19(4):658-676. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnx002. Evidenz Level 2-

50 Gouveia DN1, Guimarães AG2, Santos WBDR1, Quintans-Júnior LJ1. Natural products as a perspective for cancer pain management: A systematic review. Phytomedicine. 2019 May;58:152766. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.11.026. Epub 2018 Nov 22. Evidenz Level 4

51 Guo KK1, Deng CQ2, Lu GJ3, Zhao GL1. Comparison of analgesic effect of oxycodone and morphine on patients with moderate and advanced cancer pain: a meta-analysis BMC Anesthesiol. 2018 Sep 24;18(1):132. doi: 10.1186/s12871-018-0583-8 Evidenz Level 1+

52 Habberstad R1,2, Hjermstad MJ3, Brunelli C4,5, Kaasa S4,6, Bennett MI7, Pardon K8, Klepstad P4,9,10. Which factors can aid clinicians to identify a risk of pain during the following month in patients with bone metastases? A longitudinal analyses Support Care Cancer. 2019 Apr;27(4):1335-1343. doi: 10.1007/s00520-018-4405-9. Epub 2018 Aug 13. Evidenz Level 2-

53 Halle EA, Sauer HE, Habashy C, Anghelescu DL. Methadon gegen Krebsschmerzen in der pädiatrischen End-of-Life-Versorgung. Bin J Hosp Palliat Care. 2020, 1. Oktober: 1049909120963641. doi: 10.1177 / 1049909120963641. Epub vor Druck. PMID: 33000633. Evidenz Level 3

54 Hansen E1,2, Nadagoundla C1,2, Wang C1, Miller A1,2, Case AA1,2. Buprenorphine for Cancer Pain in Patients With Nonmedical Opioid Use: A Retrospective Study at a Comprehensive Cancer Center. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2019 Nov 7:1049909119884358. doi: 10.1177/1049909119884358. [Epub ahead of print] Evidenz Level 3

55 Hasuo H1, Sakuma H1, Uchitani K1, Ohue K1, Fukunaga M1. Short-Term Effects of 10% Lidocaine Ointment on Allodynia in Cancer Pain: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study. J Palliat Med. 2019 Nov;22(11):1364-1369. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2019.0081. Epub 2019 May 22. Evidenz Level 2+

56 Haumann J, Geurts JW, van Kuijk SM, Kremer B, Joosten EA, van den Beuken-van Everdingen MH. Methadon ist Fentanyl bei der Behandlung von neuropathischen Schmerzen bei Patienten mit Kopf-Hals-Krebs überlegen. Eur J Cancer. 2016 Sep; 65: 121–9. doi: 10.1016 / j.ejca.2016.06.025. Epub 2016 Aug 3. PMID: 27494037. Evidenz Level 2-

57 Häuser W1,2,3, Welsch P4, Klose P5, Radbruch L6, Fitzcharles MA7,8. Efficacy, tolerability and safety of cannabis-based medicines for cancer pain : A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Schmerz. 2019 Oct;33(5):424-436. doi: 10.1007/s00482-019-0373-3. Evidenz Level 1-

58 He Y1,2, Guo X1, May BH2, Zhang AL2, Liu Y1, Lu C1, Mao JJ3, Xue CC1,2, Zhang H1. Clinical Evidence for Association of Acupuncture and Acupressure With Improved Cancer Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2019 Dec 19. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.5233. [Epub ahead of print] Evidenz Level 1-

59 Homma M., Kokubun H., Okuwaki K., Katada C., Hayashi N., Kanai A., Koizumi W., Atsuda K. Pharmakokinetische Analyse, analgetische Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen von Tapentadol bei Krebspatienten mit Schmerzen.  Biol Pharm Bull. 2020; 43 (6): 1000-1006. doi: 10.1248 / bpb.b20-00084. PMID: 32475909. Evidenz Level 2-

60 Horlemann, J. et al. DGS-Praxisleitlinie Tumorschmerz, 2013 https://dgs-praxisleitlinien.de Evidenz Level 1+

61 Huang R1, Jiang L1, Cao Y1, Liu H2, Ping M2, Li W2, Xu Y3, Ning J1, Chen Y2, Wang X2. Comparative Efficacy of Therapeutics for Chronic Cancer Pain: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Jul 10;37(20):1742-1752. doi: 10.1200/JCO.18.01567. Epub 2019 Apr 2. Evidenz Level 1-

62 Inoue S1, Saito Y2, Tsuneto S3, Aruga E4, Takahashi H1, Uemori M5. A randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority study of hydromorphone hydrochloride immediate-release tablets versus oxycodone hydrochloride immediate-release powder for cancer pain: efficacy and safety in Japanese cancer patients Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2018 Jun 1;48(6):542-547. doi: 10.1093/jjco/hyy038 Evidenz Level 2+

63 Jakobsen G1,2, Engstrøm M3,4, Fayers P1,5, Hjermstad MJ6, Kaasa S1,7, Kloke M8, Sabatowski R9, Klepstad P1,10,11. Sleep quality with WHO Step III opioid use for cancer pain.  BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2019 Sep;9(3):307-315. doi: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2017-001399. Epub 2018 Jul 17. Evidenz Level 2+

64 Janssen SJ1, Pereira NRP2, Thio QCBS3, Raskin KA3, Bramer JAM1, Lozano-Calderon SA3, Schwab JH3. Physical function and pain intensity in patients with metastatic bone disease. Körperliche Funktion und Schmerzintensität bei Patienten mit metastasierender Knochenerkrankung. J Surg Oncol. 2019 Sep;120(3):376-381. doi: 10.1002/jso.25510. Epub 2019 May 29. Evidenz Level 3

65 Jonkman K1, van de Donk T, Dahan A. Ketamine for cancer pain: what is the evidence? Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2017 Jun;11(2):88-92. doi: 10.1097/SPC.0000000000000262.  Evidenz Level 3

66 Kane CM1, Mulvey MR1, Wright S1, Craigs C1, Wright JM2, Bennett MI1. Opioids combined with antidepressants or antiepileptic drugs for cancer pain: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Palliat Med. 2018 Jan;32(1):276-286. doi: 10.1177/0269216317711826. Epub 2017 Jun 12. Evidenz Level 1-

67 Katakami N., Harada T., Murata T., Shinozaki K., Tsutsumi M., Yokota T., Arai M., Tada Y, Narabayashi M., Boku N. Randomisierte Phase-III- und Verlängerungsstudien von Naldemedin bei Patienten mit Opioid-induzierter Verstopfung und Krebs. J Clin Oncol. 2017, 1. Dezember; 35 (34): 3859-3866. doi: 10.1200 / JCO.2017.73.0853. Epub 2017 Okt 2. PMID: 28968171. Evidenz Level 1+

68 Kiehelä L1, Hamunen K2, Heiskanen T2. Spinal analgesia for severe cancer pain: A retrospective analysis of 60 patients. Scand J Pain. 2017 Jul;16:140-145. doi: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.04.073. Epub 2017 Jun 15. Evidenz Level 3

69 Kim K1, Lee S1. Intradermal Acupuncture Along with Analgesics for Pain Control in Advanced Cancer Cases: A Pilot, Randomized, Patient-Assessor-Blinded, Controlled Trial Integr Cancer Ther. 2018 Dec;17(4):1137-1143. doi: 10.1177/1534735418786797. Epub 2018 Jul 16 Evidenz Level 3

70 Koh SJ1, Keam B2, Hyun MK3, Ju Seo J4, Uk Park K5, Oh SY6, Ahn J4, Lee JY7, Kim J8. Cancer Pain Management Education Rectifies Patients' Misconceptions of Cancer Pain, Reduces Pain, and Improves Quality of Life Pain Med. 2018 Dec 1;19(12):2546-2555. doi: 10.1093/pm/pny039. Evidenz Level 3

71 Koyyalagunta D1, Bruera E2, Engle MP1, Driver L1, Dong W3, Demaree C4, Novy DM1. Compliance with Opioid Therapy: Distinguishing Clinical Characteristics and Demographics Among Patients with Cancer Pain Pain Med. 2018 Jul 1;19(7):1469-1477. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnx178 Evidenz Level 3

72 Kress HG1, Coluzzi F2.Tapentadol in the management of cancer pain: current evidence and future perspectives. J Pain Res. 2019 May 16;12:1553-1560. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S191543. eCollection 2019. Evidenz Level 4

73 Kress HG1, et al. Tapentadol Prolonged Release for Managing Moderate to Severe Chronic Malignant Tumor-Related Pain. Pain Physician. 2014; 17:329-343 Evidenz Level 1-

74 Kwekkeboom K1, Zhang Y1, Campbell T1,2, Coe CL3, Costanzo E4, Serlin RC5, Ward S1. Randomized controlled trial of a brief cognitive-behavioral strategies intervention for the pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance symptom cluster in advanced cancer Psychooncology. 2018 Dec;27(12):2761-2769. doi: 10.1002/pon.4883. Epub 2018 Sep 27 Evidenz Level 2+

75 Lee JT1,2,3, Sanderson CR4, Xuan W5,6, Agar M1,6,7. Lidocaine for Cancer Pain in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Palliat Med. 2019 Mar;22(3):326-334. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2018.0257. Epub 2019 Jan 7. Evidenz Level 1-

76 Lee KH#1, Kang JH#2, Oh HS3, Choi MK4, Shim BY5, Eum YJ6, Park HJ6, Kang JH7. Intravenous Oxycodone versus Intravenous Morphine in Cancer Pain: A Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel-Group, Active-Control Study.  Pain Res Manag. 2017;2017:9741729. doi: 10.1155/2017/9741729. Epub 2017 Oct 31. Evidenz Level 2-

77 Lichtman AH1, Lux EA2, McQuade R3, Rossetti S3, Sanchez R3, Sun W3, Wright S4, Kornyeyeva E3, Fallon MT5. Results of a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of Nabiximols Oromucosal Spray as an Adjunctive Therapy in Advanced Cancer Patients with Chronic Uncontrolled Pain J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018 Feb;55(2):179-188.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.09.001. Epub 2017 Sep 18 Evidenz Level 1-

78 Lied X, Wang D, Qu X, Dong N, Teng S. Eine Metaanalyse von Naldemedin zur Behandlung von Opioid-induzierter Verstopfung.  Experte Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2019 Feb; 12 (2): 121-128. doi: 10.1080 / 17512433.2019.1570845. Epub 2019 Jan 24. PMID: 30652502. Evidenz Level 1+

79 Lipton A, Fizazi K., Stopeck AT, Henry DH, Smith MR, Shore N., Martin M., Vadhan-Raj S., Brown JE, Richardson GE, Saad F., Yardley DA, Zhou K., Balakumaran A., Braun A. Wirkung von Denosumab im Vergleich zu Zoledronsäure bei der Verhinderung skelettbedingter Ereignisse bei Patienten mit Knochenmetastasen anhand der Ausgangsmerkmale  Eur J Cancer. 2016 Jan; 53: 75–83. doi: 10.1016 /j.ejca.2015.09.011. Epub 2015 Dec 13. PMID: 26693901. Evidenz Level 1+

80 Liu Q1,2, Gao LL1, Dai YL1, Li YX1, Wang Y1, Bai CF1, Mu GX1, Chai XM1, Han WJ3, Zhou LJ4, Zhang YJ5, Tang L6, Liu J1,2, Yu JQ7. Nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture for analgesia in adult cancer patients with breakthrough pain: A randomized, double-blind controlled trial Eur J Pain. 2018 Mar;22(3):492-500. doi: 10.1002/ejp.1144. Epub 2017 Dec 11 Evidenz Level 2-

81 Liu SH1, Hunnicutt JN2, Ulbricht CM3, Dubé CE3, Hume AL4,5, Lapane KL3. Adjuvant Use and the Intensification of Pharmacologic Management for Pain in Nursing Home Residents with Cancer: Data from a US National Database. Drugs Aging. 2019 Jun;36(6):549-557. doi: 10.1007/s40266-019-00650-3. Evidenz Level 2-

82 Liu Z1, Xu Y2, Liu ZL3, Tian YZ4, Shen XH5. Combined application of diclofenac and celecoxib with an opioid yields superior efficacy in metastatic bone cancer pain: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Clin Oncol. 2017 Oct;22(5):980-985. doi: 10.1007/s10147-017-1133-y. Epub 2017 May 8. Evidenz Level 2-

83 Lovell AG1, Protus BM1, Saphire ML2, Kale SS3, Lehman A4, Hartman A2. Evaluation of QTc Interval Prolongation Among Patients With Cancer Using Enteral Methadone.  Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2019 Mar;36(3):177-184. doi: 10.1177/1049909118811904. Epub 2018 Nov 14. Evidenz Level 2-

84 Lux EA1, Schwittay A2, Kleeberg UR3, Papke J4. Fentanyl buccal tablets in the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain. German cohort of a pan-European multicentre study MMW Fortschr Med. 2018 Jul;160(Suppl 4):18-23. doi: 10.1007/s15006-018-0728-1. Epub 2018 Jul 4 Evidenz Level 2-

85 Magee DJ1, Jhanji S2, Poulogiannis G3, Farquhar-Smith P4, Brown MRD5. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and pain in cancer patients: a systematic review and reappraisal of the evidence. Br J Anaesth. 2019 Aug;123(2):e412-e423. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.02.028. Epub 2019 May 20. Evidenz Level 1-

86 Magnani C1, Giannarelli D2, Calvieri A3, Dardeli A3, Eusepi G3, Restuccia MR3, Mastroianni C4, Casale G5. Breakthrough cancer pain tailored treatment: which factors influence the medication choice? An observational, prospective and cross-sectional study in patients with terminal cancer Postgrad Med J. 2018 Oct;94(1116):566-570. doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135659. Epub 2018 Oct 13 Evidenz Level 3

87 Malik SH1, Hafeez H1, Malik NH1, Rehman Ghafoor AU1. Coeliac Plexus Neurolysis For Pancreatic Cancer Patients; Retrospective Analysis Of Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre Experience J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2018 Oct-Dec;30(4):516-519 Evidenz Level 3

88 Masel EK1, Landthaler R2, Gneist M3, Watzke HH4. Fentanyl buccal tablet for breakthrough cancer pain in clinical practice: results of the non-interventional prospective study ErkentNIS Support Care Cancer. 2018 Feb;26(2):491-497. doi: 10.1007/s00520-017-3853-y. Epub 2017 Aug 28 Evidenz Level 3

89 Matsuoka H1,2, Ishiki H3, Iwase S4, Koyama A1,2, Kawaguchi T5, Kizawa Y6, Morita T7, Matsuda Y8, Miyaji T9, Ariyoshi K4,10, Yamaguchi T9,11. Study protocol for a multi-institutional, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase III trial investigating additive efficacy of duloxetine for neuropathic cancer pain refractory to opioids and gabapentinoids: the DIRECT study. BMJ Open. 2017 Aug 28;7(8):e017280. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017280. Evidenz Level 4

90 Matsuoka H1,2, Tagami K3, Ariyoshi K4, Oyamada S4, Kizawa Y5, Inoue A3, Koyama A1. Attitude of Japanese palliative care specialists towards adjuvant analgesics cancer-related neuropathic pain refractory to opioid therapy: a nationwide cross-sectional survey.  Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2019 May 1;49(5):486-490. doi: 10.1093/jjco/hyz002. Evidenz Level 2-

91 Matsuoka H1,2,3, Iwase S4, Miyaji T5, Kawaguchi T6, Ariyoshi K7, Oyamada S7, Satomi E8, Ishiki H8, Hasuo H9, Sakuma H9, Tokoro A10, Matsuda Y10, Tahara K11, Otani H12, Ohtake Y13, Tsukuura H14, Matsumoto Y15, Hasegawa Y16, Kataoka Y17, Otsuka M18, Sakai K19,20, Nakura M19, Morita T21, Yamaguchi T22, Koyama A19,20. Predictors of duloxetine response in patients with neuropathic cancer pain: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial-JORTC-PAL08 (DIRECT) study. Support Care Cancer. 2019 Nov 25. doi: 10.1007/s00520-019-05138-9. [Epub ahead of print] Evidenz Level 2+

92 McDermott JD1, Eguchi M2, Stokes WA3, Amini A4, Hararah M5, Ding D6, Valentine A2, Bradley CJ2, Karam SD3. Short- and Long-term Opioid Use in Patients with Oral and Oropharynx Cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019 Mar;160(3):409-419. doi: 10.1177/0194599818808513. Epub 2018 Nov 6. Evidenz Level 2-

93 Mehta N., O'Connell K., Giambrone GP, Baqai A., Diwan S. Die Wirksamkeit von Methylnaltrexon zur Behandlung von opiodinduzierter Verstopfung: eine Metaanalyse und systematische Überprüfung. Postgrad Med. 2016; 128 (3): 282 & ndash; 9. doi: 10.1080 / 00325481.2016.1149017. Epub 2016 23. Februar PMID: 26839023. Evidenz Level 1+

94 Mercadante S1, Adile C2, Masedu F3, Valenti M3, Aielli F4. Breakthrough Cancer Pain in Patients With Abdominal Visceral Cancer Pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2019 May;57(5):966-970. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.02.014. Epub 2019 Feb 26. Evidenz Level 2-

95 Mercadante S1, Bruera E2. Methadone as a First-Line Opioid in Cancer Pain Management: A Systematic Review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018 Mar;55(3):998-1003. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.10.017. Epub 2017 Nov 1. Evidenz Level1-

96 Mercadante S1,2, Adile C1, Masedu F3, Marchetti P4, Costanzi A4, Aielli F5. Factors influencing the use of opioids for breakthrough cancer pain: A secondary analysis of the IOPS-MS study. Eur J Pain. 2019 Apr;23(4):719-726. doi: 10.1002/ejp.1339. Epub 2018 Dec 28. Evidenz Level 2+

97 Mercadante S1,2, Caraceni A3, Masedu F4, Scipioni T5, Aielli F5. Breakthrough Cancer Pain in Patients Receiving Low Doses of Opioids for Background Pain. Oncologist. 2019 Dec 20. pii: theoncologist.2019-0542. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0542. [Epub ahead of print] Evidenz Level 2-

98 Mercadante S1,2,3,4. The role of tapentadol as a strong opioid in cancer pain management: a systematic and critical review.  Curr Med Res Opin. 2017 Nov;33(11):1965-1969. doi: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1379981. Epub 2017 Sep 21. Evidenz Level 2++

99 Mercadante S1. Non pharmacological interventions and non-fentanyl pharmacological treatments for breakthrough cancer pain: A systematic and critical review Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2018 Feb;122:60-63. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.12.016. Epub 2017 Dec 23 Evidenz Level 1-

100 Miller KR1, Patel JN1,2, Symanowski JT3, Edelen CA2, Walsh D2. Acupuncture for Cancer Pain and Symptom Management in a Palliative Medicine Clinic. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2019 Apr;36(4):326-332. doi: 10.1177/1049909118804464. Epub 2018 Oct 4. Evidenz Level 2-

101 Nee J., Zakari M., Sugarman MA, Whelan J., Hirsch W., Sultan S., Ballou S., Iturrino J., Lembo A. Wirksamkeit von Behandlungen gegen Opioid-induzierte Verstopfung: Systematische Überprüfung und Metaanalyse.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Oct; 16 (10): 1569-1584.e2. doi: 10.1016 / j.cgh.2018.01.021. Epub 2018 Jan 31. PMID: 29374616. Evidenz Level 1-

102 Neufeld NJ1, Elnahal SM2, Alvarez RH1. Cancer pain: a review of epidemiology, clinical quality and value impact.  Future Oncol. 2017 Apr;13(9):833-841. doi: 10.2217/fon-2016-0423. Epub 2016 Nov 23. Evidenz Level 4

103 Nijland L1, Schmidt P1, Frosch M1, Wager J1, Hübner-Möhler B1, Drake R2, Zernikow B3. Subcutaneous or intravenous opioid administration by patient-controlled analgesia in cancer pain: a systematic literature review. Support Care Cancer. 2019 Jan;27(1):33-42. doi: 10.1007/s00520-018-4368-x. Epub 2018 Jul 28. Evidenz Level 1-

104 Nosek K., Leppert W., Nosek H., Wordliczek J., Onichimowski D. Ein Vergleich von oralem Morphin und Oxycodon mit kontrollierter Freisetzung mit transdermalen Formulierungen von Buprenorphin und Fentanyl bei der Behandlung schwerer Schmerzen bei Krebspatienten.  Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017, 22. August; 11: 2409–2419. doi: 10.2147 / DDDT.S141007. PMID: 28860712; PMCID: PMC5574595. Evidenz Level 2-

105 Odonkor CA1, Kim G2, Erdek M3. Global cancer pain management: a systematic review comparing trials in Africa, Europe and North America. Pain Manag. 2017 Jul;7(4):299-310. doi: 10.2217/pmt-2016-0047. Epub 2017 Jul 12. Evidenz Level 2++

106 Oh TK1, Kim NW1, Yim J2, Lim H1, Park B3, Kim DH1. Effect of Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation of Thoracic Nerve Roots in Patients with Cancer and Intractable Chest Wall Pain Pain Physician. 2018 Jul;21(4):E323-E329 Evidenz Level 2-

107 Okayama S1, Matsuda Y2, Yoshikawa Y3. A Comparative Study of Opioid Switching to Methadone for Cancer Pain Control in Successful and Unsuccessful Cases. J Palliat Med. 2019 Jul;22(7):844-847. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2018.0490. Epub 2019 Feb 4. Evidenz Level 3

108 Pan H1, Shen P2, Shu Q3, Lu L4, Qian S5, Zhou Y6, Han F7, Guo Q8, Yang Z9, Pan J10, Xu Q11, Zhang P12, Wang K13. Efficacy and safety of sustained-release oxycodone compared with immediate-release morphine for pain titration in cancer patients: A multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial (SOCIAL). Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Jun;98(24):e15505. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000015505. Evidenz Level 2-

109 Parás-Bravo P1, Paz-Zulueta M1, Alonso-Blanco MC2, Salvadores-Fuentes P3, Alconero-Camarero AR1, Santibañez M1. Association among presence of cancer pain, inadequate pain control, and psychotropic drug use. PLoS One. 2017 Jun 8;12(6):e0178742. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178742. eCollection 2017. Evidenz Level 2-

110 Parás-Bravo P1,2, Alonso-Blanco C3, Paz-Zulueta M4, Palacios-Ceña D3, Sarabia-Cobo CM4,5, Herrero-Montes M4, Boixadera-Planas E6, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C3. Does Jacobson's relaxation technique reduce consumption of psychotropic and analgesic drugs in cancer patients? A multicenter pre-post intervention study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018 May 2;18(1):139. doi: 10.1186/s12906-018-2200-2. Evidenz Level 2-

111 Pardo J1,2,3, Mena A4,5, Jiménez E4,5, Aymar N4, Ortiz I4, Roncero R4, Mestre F4, Vidal M4. Effectiveness of fentanyl pectin nasal citrate in controlling episodes of breakthrough cancer pain triggered by routine radiotherapy procedures. Clin Transl Oncol. 2019 Nov;21(11):1568-1572. doi: 10.1007/s12094-019-02125-8. Epub 2019 May 15. Evidenz Level 3

112 Patel J, Lucas CJ, Margalit M, Martin JH. Laxative Use in Inpatients on Oxycodone/Naloxone Prolonged Release and Oxycodone Prolonged Release for Cancer and Non-cancer Pain J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2018 Jun - Sep;32(2-3):116-123. doi: 10.1080/15360288.2018.1545725. Epub 2019 Feb 8 Evidenz Level 3

113 Pin Y1, Paix A1, Le Fèvre C1, Antoni D2, Blondet C3, Noël G4. A systematic review of palliative bone radiotherapy based on pain relief and retreatment rates. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2018 Mar;123:132-137. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.01.006. Epub 2018 Jan 31. Evidenz Level 2++

114 Ponce S1, Yuste A2, Esquivias A3, Leal A3, Villoria J4. A cross-sectional, comparative, syndromic description of oncological mixed pain in Medical Oncology units in Spain. Support Care Cancer. 2019 Aug;27(8):2921-2931. doi: 10.1007/s00520-018-4575-5. Epub 2018 Dec 18. Evidenz Level 2-

115 Rahman A1, Rahman R1, Macrinici G1, Li S2. Low Volume Neurolytic Retrocrural Celiac Plexus Block for Visceral Cancer Pain: Retrospective Review of 507 Patients with Severe Malignancy Related Pain Due to Primary Abdominal Cancer or Metastatic Disease Pain Physician. 2018 Sep;21(5):497-504 Evidenz Level 2-

116 Reis AD1, Pereira PTVT2, Diniz RR3, de Castro Filha JGL4, Dos Santos AM5,6, Ramallo BT7, Filho FAA8, Navarro F2,8, Garcia JBS2,5. Effect of exercise on pain and functional capacity in breast cancer patients Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2018 Apr 6;16(1):58. doi: 10.1186/s12955-018-0882-2 Evidenz Level 3

117 Reis-Pina P1, Acharya A2, Lawlor PG3. Cancer Pain With a Neuropathic Component: A Cross-sectional Study of Its Clinical Characteristics, Associated Psychological Distress, Treatments, and Predictors at Referral to a Cancer Pain Clinic. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018 Feb;55(2):297-306. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.08.028. Epub 2017 Sep 21 Evidenz Level 2-

118 Ricchini F1, Caraceni A1, Zecca E2, Pigni A1, Centurioni F1, Manzoni A1, Kaasa S3, Brunelli C4. Effect of Opioid Exposure on Efficacy and Tolerability of Sublingual Fentanyl and Subcutaneous Morphine for Severe Cancer Pain Episodes. Secondary Analysis From a Double-Blind Double-Dummy, Randomized Trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2019 Oct;58(4):587-595. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.06.016. Epub 2019 Jun 21 Evidenz Level 2-

119 Rosian K1, Hawlik K1, Piso B1. Efficacy Assessment of Radiofrequency Ablation as a Palliative Pain Treatment in Patients with Painful Metastatic Spinal Lesions: A Systematic Review. Pain Physician. 2018 Sep;21(5):E467-E476. Evidenz Level 1-

120 Rosland JH1,2, Geitung JT3,4. CT guided neurolytic blockade of the coeliac plexus in patients with advanced and intractably painful pancreatic cancer Scand J Pain. 2018 Apr 25;18(2):247-251. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2017-0185 Evidenz Level 3

121 Ruela LO1, Iunes DH2, Nogueira DA3, Stefanello J4, Gradim CVC1. Effectiveness of auricular acupuncture in the treatment of cancer pain: randomized clinical trial Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2018 Dec 13;52:e03402. doi: 10.1590/S1980-220X2017040503402 Evidenz Level 2-

122 Saito T1, Toya R2, Oya N2. Pain Response Rates After Conventional Radiation Therapy for Bone Metastases in Prospective Nonrandomized Studies: A Systematic Review. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2019 Mar;9(2):81-88. doi: 10.1016/j.prro.2018.11.006. Epub 2018 Nov 30. Evidenz Level 1-

123 Sazuka S, Koitabashi T. Tapentadol ist wirksam bei der Behandlung von mittelschweren bis schweren krebsbedingten Schmerzen bei opioidnaiven und opioidtoleranten Patienten: eine retrospektive Studie.  J Anesth. 2020 Dec; 34 (6): 834-840. doi: 0.1007 / s00540-020-02821-8. Epub 2020 9. Juli PMID: 2648017; PMCID: PMC7674340. Evidenz Level 2-

124 Schikowski, A. et al Tapentadol prolonged release for severe chronic cancer-related pain: effectiveness, tolerability and influence on quality of life of the patients. Journal of Pain Research 2015:8,1-8 Evidenz Level 2+

125 Schmidt-Hansen M1, Bennett MI2, Arnold S1, Bromham N1, Hilgart JS3. Efficacy, tolerability and acceptability of oxycodone for cancer-related pain in adults: an updated Cochrane systematic review BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2018 Jun;8(2):117-128. doi: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2017-001457. Epub 2018 Jan 13 Evidenz Level 1+

126 Schuster M1, Bayer O, Heid F, Laufenberg-Feldmann R. Opioid Rotation in Cancer Pain Treatment DtschArztebl Int. 2018 Mar 2;115(9):135-142. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0135 Evidenz Level 1+

127 Serçe S1, Ovayolu Ö2, Pirbudak L3, Ovayolu N4. The Effect of Acupressure on Pain in Cancer Patients With Bone Metastasis: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial Integr Cancer Ther. 2018 Sep;17(3):728-736. doi: 10.1177/1534735418769153. Epub 2018 Apr 12 Evidenz Level 2-

128 Shikada Y1, Emi Y, Kometani T, Ochiai T, Fujii M, Noda Y, Kajiwara M, Miyazaki S, Asonuma S, Mori M. Retrospective Examination of Usefulness and Adverse Effects of Tapentadol in Patients with Cancer Pain during Anticancer Treatment. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2019 Nov;46(11):1727-1731. Evidenz Level 3

129 Shteamer JW1, Harvey RD2,3, Spektor B1, Curseen K4, Egan K1, Chen Z5,6, Gillespie TW7, Sniecinski RM1, Singh V1. Safety of Intranasal Ketamine for Reducing Uncontrolled Cancer-Related Pain: Protocol of a Phase I/II Clinical Trial.  JMIR Res Protoc. 2019 Apr 30;8(4):e12125. doi: 10.2196/12125. Evidenz Level 3

130 Smyth JA1, Dempster M2, Warwick I3, Wilkinson P3, McCorry NK4. A Systematic Review of the Patient- and Carer-Related Factors Affecting the Experience of Pain for Advanced Cancer Patients Cared for at Home J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018 Feb;55(2):496-507. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.08.012. Epub 2017 Aug 24. Evidenz Level 1-

131 Stearns LM1, Abd-Elsayed A2, Perruchoud C3, Spencer R4, Hammond K1, Stromberg K4, Weaver T4. Intrathecal Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Pain: An Analysis of a Prospective, Multicenter Product Surveillance Registry. Anesth Analg. 2019 Sep 18. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004425. [Epub ahead of print] Evidenz Level 2+

132 Strawson J1. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cancer pain. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2018 Jun;12(2):102-107. doi: 10.1097/SPC.0000000000000332 Evidenz Level 2-

133 Tateo S. State of the evidence: Cannabinoids and cancer pain-A systematic review.  J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2017 Feb;29(2):94-103. doi: 10.1002/2327-6924.12422. Epub 2016 Nov 10. Evidenz Level 1-

134 Tokoro A1, Imai H2, Fumita S3, Harada T4, Noriyuki T5, Gamoh M6, Akashi Y3, Sato H7, Kizawa Y8. Incidence of opioid-induced constipation in Japanese patients with cancer pain: A prospective observational cohort study. Cancer Med. 2019 Aug;8(10):4883-4891. doi: 10.1002/cam4.2341. Epub 2019 Jun 24. Evidenz Level 2-

135 Tsukuura H1,2, Miyazaki M3, Morita T4, Sugishita M5, Kato H3, Murasaki Y5, Gyawali B5, Kubo Y6, Ando M6, Kondo M2, Yamada K3, Hasegawa Y2, Ando Y5. Efficacy of Prophylactic Treatment for Oxycodone-Induced Nausea and Vomiting Among Patients with Cancer Pain (POINT): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial Oncologist. 2018 Mar;23(3):367-374. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0225. Epub 2017 Oct 16 Evidenz Level 2+

136 Überall MA1. DGS-Praxisleitlinie Opioid-induzierte Obstipation. https://dgs-praxisleitlinien.de. 2019 Evidenz Level 1+

137 Überall MA1. DGS-Praxisleitlinie Tumorbedingte Durchbruchschmerzen. https://dgs-praxisleitlinien.de. 2013 Evidenz Level 1+

138 Überall MA1. Transmucosal fentanyl administration: sublingual, buccal, nasal - all the same? Treatment of breakthrough cancer pain. MMW Fortschr Med. 2017 Oct;159(Suppl 6):15-22. doi: 10.1007/s15006-017-0081-1. Epub 2017 Oct 5.  Evidenz Level 4

139 Vallerand AH1, Templin TN1, Hasenau SM1, Maly A1. Modifiable pathways from pain to functional status: Confirmatory baseline results from a randomised trial of African American patients with cancer pain. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2019 Mar;28(2):e12994. doi: 10.1111/ecc.12994. Epub 2019 Feb 4. Evidenz Level 3

140 Vatter T., Klumpp L., Ganser K., Stransky N., Zips D., Eckert F., Huber SM. Gegen die Wiederverwendung von Methadon zur Glioblastomtherapie. Biomoleküle. 2020, 17. Juni; 10 (6): 917. doi: 10.3390 / biom10060917. PMID: 32560384; PMCID: PMC7356722. Evidenz Level 4

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148 Wiffen PJ1, Wee B, Derry S, Bell RF, Moore RA. Opioids for cancer pain - an overview of Cochrane reviews.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 6;7:CD012592. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012592.pub2. Evidenz Level 2++

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150 Xu L1, Wan Y2, Huang J1, Xu F1. Clinical analysis of electroacupuncture and multiple acupoint stimulation in relieving cancer pain in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Ther. 2018 Jan;14(1):99-102. doi: 10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_736_17 Evidenz Level 3

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152 Yen TY1,2, Chiou JF3,4,5,6, Chiang WY7, Su WH2, Huang MY2, Hu MH8,9, Wu SC6,10, Lai YL1,2,11. Proportional dose of rapid-onset opioid in breakthrough cancer pain management: An open-label, multicenter study Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Jul;97(30):e11593. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000011593 Evidenz Level 3

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155 Zhang WQ1, Xiao ZL1, Wu ZL1, Peng LS2. Systematic review of external applications combined with three-step analgesic therapy in treating primary liver cancer pain. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2019 May;44(9):1938-1945. doi: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20190408.501. Evidenz Level 1-

156 Zheng RJ1, Fu Y2, Zhu J2, Xu JP3, Xiang QF2, Chen L4, Zhong H2, Li JY5, Yu CH6. Long-term low-dose morphine for patients with moderate cancer pain is predominant factor effecting clinically meaningful pain reduction. Support Care Cancer. 2018 Dec;26(12):4115-4120. doi: 10.1007/s00520-018-4282-2. Epub 2018 May 31. Evidenz Level 2-

157 Zhou J, Wang Y, Jiang G. Oxycodon versus morphine for cancer pain titration: A systematic review and pharmacoeconomic evaluation PLoS One 2020 Apr 17; 15(4) Evidenz Level 1-